Let's encrypt it with RSA!
problem.py
from Crypto.Util.number import *
from flag import flag
flag = bytes_to_long(flag.encode("utf-8"))
p = getPrime(1024)
q = getPrime(1024)
n = p * q
e = 3
assert 2046 < n.bit_length()
assert 375 == flag.bit_length()
print("n =", n)
print("e =", e)
print("c =", pow(flag, e, n))
output.txt
n = 17686671842400393574730512034200128521336919569735972791676605056286778473230718426958508878942631584704817342304959293060507614074800553670579033399679041334863156902030934895197677543142202110781629494451453351396962137377411477899492555830982701449692561594175162623580987453151328408850116454058162370273736356068319648567105512452893736866939200297071602994288258295231751117991408160569998347640357251625243671483903597718500241970108698224998200840245865354411520826506950733058870602392209113565367230443261205476636664049066621093558272244061778795051583920491406620090704660526753969180791952189324046618283
e = 3
c = 213791751530017111508691084168363024686878057337971319880256924185393737150704342725042841488547315925971960389230453332319371876092968032513149023976287158698990251640298360876589330810813199260879441426084508864252450551111064068694725939412142626401778628362399359107132506177231354040057205570428678822068599327926328920350319336256613
problem.pyはRSA暗号の暗号化処理ですが、2046 < n.bit_length()に対して375 == flag.bit_length()・e = 3と、eとmが小さくなっています。
me < n である場合、c のe乗根を計算すればmが求まります。
>>> n = 17686671842400393574730512034200128521336919569735972791676605056286778473230718426958508878942631584704817342304959293060507614074800553670579033399679041334863156902030934895197677543142202110781629494451453351396962137377411477899492555830982701449692561594175162623580987453151328408850116454058162370273736356068319648567105512452893736866939200297071602994288258295231751117991408160569998347640357251625243671483903597718500241970108698224998200840245865354411520826506950733058870602392209113565367230443261205476636664049066621093558272244061778795051583920491406620090704660526753969180791952189324046618283
>>> e = 3
>>> c = 213791751530017111508691084168363024686878057337971319880256924185393737150704342725042841488547315925971960389230453332319371876092968032513149023976287158698990251640298360876589330810813199260879441426084508864252450551111064068694725939412142626401778628362399359107132506177231354040057205570428678822068599327926328920350319336256613
>>> import gmpy2
>>> from Crypto.Util.number import long_to_bytes
>>> m,result = gmpy2.iroot(c,e)
>>> long_to_bytes(m)
b"ctf4b{0,1,10,11...It's_so_annoying.___I'm_done}"
problem.py
from Crypto.Util.number import *
from random import random, getrandbits
from flag import flag
flag = bytes_to_long(flag.encode("utf-8"))
length = flag.bit_length()
key = getrandbits(length)
while not length == key.bit_length():
key = getrandbits(length)
flag = list(bin(flag)[2:])
key = list(bin(key)[2:])
cipher_L = []
for _ in range(16):
cipher = flag[:]
m = 0.5
for i in range(length):
n = random()
if n > m:
cipher[i] = str(eval(cipher[i] + "&" + key[i]))
cipher_L.append("".join(cipher))
print("cipher =", cipher_L)
output.txt
cipher = ['11000010111010000100110001000000010001001011010000000110000100000100011010111110000010100110000001101110100110100100100010000110001001101000101010000010101000100000001010100010010010001011110001101010110100000010000010111110000010100010100011010010100010001001111001101010011000000101100', '11000110110010000100110001000000010001001111010010000110110000000110011010101110011010100110000010100110101100000100000000001110001001001000101000001010101001100000001010101010010110001001110001101010110100000110011010010110011000000100100011010000110010001001011001101010011000001101100', '11000010110010000100110001101000010001001111001000000110000100000110011000111110010010100110000000101110101101100000000010010110001001101000101010000010101000100000001000101110000010001001111001101010110100000010011010010110011000100000100011010010100010001001111001101010011000001101100', '11000110110010001100110000101000110001000111000000000110000000000110011010101110011000100110000010100110101101100100100010000100101001001000101010000010101000100000001010100110010010001001110001101010110000000110000010110110000000000000100011010010110010001011011001101010001000000111101', '11000110100010001100110000000000010001000111001010000110110100000110011010111110001010100110100011101110101110100010000000110100001001101000101010000010101001101000001000101000010010001001111001101010110000000010000010111110000000000010000011010010100010001001011001101010011000001111101', '11000010110010001100110001001000010001000011000000100110000000000110011010101110000010100110100011100110101110100010000000101100101001101000101010000010101001101000001010100010000010001011111001101010110100000110001010010110001010100100000011010010110010001011111001101010011000000101100', '11000110110010000100110001101000110001001011010000100110110000000110011000101110010000100110100001100110100110000000100010000110101001001000101010000010101001100000001000101110010010001011111001101010110000000010001010110110001010100110000011010000110010001011111001101010011000000101100', '11000010110010000100110000100000010001000111011000100110100000000110011000111110000010100110000001101110101111100100000010111110001001001000101000001010101001101000001000101010000110001011110001101010110000000110001010011110000010100010100011010010110010000011011001101010001000000111100', '11000010101010000100110001001000010001000011000000100110010000000100011000111110011000100110000001100110100101000010000000011100101001101000101000001010101001101000001010101110010110001001110001101010110000000010010010110110011000000010100011010000100010001011111001101010001000000101100', '11000010101010001100110000100000010001001111001010000110000000000100011010101110011000100110000011100110100111100110100000000110001001001000101010000010101000100000001000101100010010001011110001101010110000000110011010010110011010000000000011010010100010001011011001101010011000001101101', '11000010101010001100110001000000010001001011010010000110010100000100011000111110011000100110000010100110100111000100000000000100101001101000101010001010101000100000001000100000000110001001111001101010110000000110011010010110000010000100100011010000110010000011011001101010001000001101100', '11000110101010001100110001000000110001001111001010000110110000000110011010101110011000100110100001100110101111000100100010011110101001001000101010001010101000101000001000101100000110001011111001101010110100000010011010011110001000000100100011010010100010000001011001101010011000001111100', '11000110100010001100110001000000010001001011011010100110000000000100011000101110001000100110100001101110101101000110100010001100101001001000101010000010101000100000001010101100000010001001111001101010110100000110011010010110010000100110100011010010110010001001111001101010011000001101101', '11000110101010000100110000000000010001001111001010100110100100000100011010111110001000100110100001101110101100000000100000111110001001101000101000001010101001101000001010100110010010001011110001101010110100000110000010010110001010000010100011010010110010001001011001101010001000000101100', '11000010101010000100110000000000110001001011011010100110110000000110011000101110010010100110100000100110101111000010000000100100001001001000101000001010101001100000001000100000000010001011110001101010110000000010011010011110001010000000000011010010100010001001011001101010001000000101101', '11000110101010001100110001000000110001001111011000000110010100000100011000101110001010100110000001101110101110000100100000101110101001101000101000000010101000100000001010101010000010001011110001101010110000000010000010010110001000100100100011010000100010000001011001101010001000001111101']
flagの各ビットに対し n > m の場合のみ、flagとkeyのAND演算を行ってcipherを出力しているようです。それを16回繰り返しています。
場合分けして考えると、flag = 0 の場合、n, keyの値に関わらず cipher = 0 になります。
一方 flag = 1 の場合はnとkeyの値によってcipherの値が変化します。
flag = 1, key = 1 の場合はnの値に関わらず cipher = 1 です。
flag = 1, key = 0 の場合は、n > m なら cipher = 0、n <= m なら cipher = 1 です。
つまり flag = 1, key = 0 の場合のみcipherにおいて16回の出力が一致しないビットになります。
したがって16回のcipherの出力においてそれぞれのビットが、
flag = 0flag = 1flag = 1solve.py
from Crypto.Util.number import *
from random import random, getrandbits
cipher =['11000010111010000100110001000000010001001011010000000110000100000100011010111110000010100110000001101110100110100100100010000110001001101000101010000010101000100000001010100010010010001011110001101010110100000010000010111110000010100010100011010010100010001001111001101010011000000101100', '11000110110010000100110001000000010001001111010010000110110000000110011010101110011010100110000010100110101100000100000000001110001001001000101000001010101001100000001010101010010110001001110001101010110100000110011010010110011000000100100011010000110010001001011001101010011000001101100', '11000010110010000100110001101000010001001111001000000110000100000110011000111110010010100110000000101110101101100000000010010110001001101000101010000010101000100000001000101110000010001001111001101010110100000010011010010110011000100000100011010010100010001001111001101010011000001101100', '11000110110010001100110000101000110001000111000000000110000000000110011010101110011000100110000010100110101101100100100010000100101001001000101010000010101000100000001010100110010010001001110001101010110000000110000010110110000000000000100011010010110010001011011001101010001000000111101', '11000110100010001100110000000000010001000111001010000110110100000110011010111110001010100110100011101110101110100010000000110100001001101000101010000010101001101000001000101000010010001001111001101010110000000010000010111110000000000010000011010010100010001001011001101010011000001111101', '11000010110010001100110001001000010001000011000000100110000000000110011010101110000010100110100011100110101110100010000000101100101001101000101010000010101001101000001010100010000010001011111001101010110100000110001010010110001010100100000011010010110010001011111001101010011000000101100', '11000110110010000100110001101000110001001011010000100110110000000110011000101110010000100110100001100110100110000000100010000110101001001000101010000010101001100000001000101110010010001011111001101010110000000010001010110110001010100110000011010000110010001011111001101010011000000101100', '11000010110010000100110000100000010001000111011000100110100000000110011000111110000010100110000001101110101111100100000010111110001001001000101000001010101001101000001000101010000110001011110001101010110000000110001010011110000010100010100011010010110010000011011001101010001000000111100', '11000010101010000100110001001000010001000011000000100110010000000100011000111110011000100110000001100110100101000010000000011100101001101000101000001010101001101000001010101110010110001001110001101010110000000010010010110110011000000010100011010000100010001011111001101010001000000101100', '11000010101010001100110000100000010001001111001010000110000000000100011010101110011000100110000011100110100111100110100000000110001001001000101010000010101000100000001000101100010010001011110001101010110000000110011010010110011010000000000011010010100010001011011001101010011000001101101', '11000010101010001100110001000000010001001011010010000110010100000100011000111110011000100110000010100110100111000100000000000100101001101000101010001010101000100000001000100000000110001001111001101010110000000110011010010110000010000100100011010000110010000011011001101010001000001101100', '11000110101010001100110001000000110001001111001010000110110000000110011010101110011000100110100001100110101111000100100010011110101001001000101010001010101000101000001000101100000110001011111001101010110100000010011010011110001000000100100011010010100010000001011001101010011000001111100', '11000110100010001100110001000000010001001011011010100110000000000100011000101110001000100110100001101110101101000110100010001100101001001000101010000010101000100000001010101100000010001001111001101010110100000110011010010110010000100110100011010010110010001001111001101010011000001101101', '11000110101010000100110000000000010001001111001010100110100100000100011010111110001000100110100001101110101100000000100000111110001001101000101000001010101001101000001010100110010010001011110001101010110100000110000010010110001010000010100011010010110010001001011001101010001000000101100', '11000010101010000100110000000000110001001011011010100110110000000110011000101110010010100110100000100110101111000010000000100100001001001000101000001010101001100000001000100000000010001011110001101010110000000010011010011110001010000000000011010010100010001001011001101010001000000101101', '11000110101010001100110001000000110001001111011000000110010100000100011000101110001010100110000001101110101110000100100000101110101001101000101000000010101000100000001010101010000010001011110001101010110000000010000010010110001000100100100011010000100010000001011001101010001000001111101']
for i in range(len(cipher[0])):
p=0
n=0
for j in range(len(cipher)):
if cipher[j][i]=="1":
p=p+1
else:
n=n+1
if int(p) == 0 :
print("0",end="")
elif int(n) == 0:
print("1",end="")
else:
print("1",end="")
$ python3 solve.py
11000110111010001100110001101000110001001111011010100110110100000110011010111110011010100110100011101110101111100110100010111110101001101000101010001010101001101000001010101110010110001011111001101010110100000110011010111110011010100110100011010010110010001011111001101010011000001111101
$ python3
>>> from Crypto.Util.number import long_to_bytes
>>> long_to_bytes(int("11000110111010001100110001101000110001001111011010100110110100000110011010111110011010100110100011101110101111100110100010111110101001101000101010001010101001101000001010101110010110001011111001101010110100000110011010111110011010100110100011010010110010001011111001101010011000001111101",base=2))
b'ctf4b{Sh3_54w_4_SEESAW,_5h3_54id_50}'
美味しいお蕎麦を食べたいですね。フラグはサーバの /flag にあります！
https://osoba.quals.beginners.seccon.jp/
上記URLにアクセスし、適当なページを見てみると ?page=○○ で各ページを取得していることがわかります。
したがって /flag を表示するには ?page=/flag です。
後輩が誤って機密情報をコミットしてしまったらしいです。ひとまずコミットを上書きして消したからこれで大丈夫ですよね？
機密情報をコミットした時点までresetすれば良さそうです。
ログを見てみると 7387982 にそれらしいものがあります。
$ git reflog
e0b545f (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit (amend): feat: めもを追加
80f3044 HEAD@{1}: commit (amend): feat: めもを追加
b3bfb5c HEAD@{2}: rebase -i (finish): returning to refs/heads/master
b3bfb5c HEAD@{3}: commit (amend): feat: めもを追加
7387982 HEAD@{4}: rebase -i: fast-forward
36a4809 HEAD@{5}: rebase -i (start): checkout HEAD~2
7387982 HEAD@{6}: reset: moving to HEAD
7387982 HEAD@{7}: commit: feat: めもを追加
36a4809 HEAD@{8}: commit: feat: commit-treeの説明を追加
9ac9b0c HEAD@{9}: commit: change: 順番を変更
8fc078d HEAD@{10}: commit: feat: git cat-fileの説明を追加
d3b47fe HEAD@{11}: commit: feat: fsckを追記する
f66de64 HEAD@{12}: commit: feat: reflogの説明追加
d5aeffe HEAD@{13}: commit: feat: resetの説明を追加
a4f7fe9 HEAD@{14}: commit: feat: git logの説明を追加
9fcb006 HEAD@{15}: commit: feat: git commitの説明追加
6d21e22 HEAD@{16}: commit: feat: git addの説明を追加
656db59 HEAD@{17}: commit: feat: add README.md
c27f346 HEAD@{18}: commit (initial): initial commit
git reset でリセットすると flag.txt が見つかりました。
$ git reset --hard 7387982
HEAD is now at 7387982 feat: めもを追加
$ ls
README.md flag.txt note.md
$ cat flag.txt
ctf4b{0verwr1te_1s_n0t_c0mplete_1n_G1t}